International Tax Filing Help for 2017 – FAQ Questions & Answer Summary Review Guide
Contents
- 1 International Tax
- 2 Who is a Foreign Person?
- 3 Worldwide Income
- 4 Foreign Tax Credit
- 5 Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
- 6 Reporting Foreign Accounts (FBAR)
- 7 FATCA Form (8938)
- 8 Foreign Gift Form (3520)
- 9 Foreign Corporation or Foreign Partnership (5471 or 8865)
- 10 Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC)
- 11 Foreign Trust (3520-A)
- 12 Foreign Real Estate Income
- 13 IRS Offshore Voluntary Disclosure
- 14 Golding & Golding – Offshore Disclosure
- 15 The Devil is in the Details…
- 16 What if You Never Report the Money?
- 17 Getting into Compliance
International Tax Filing Help for 2017 – FAQ Questions & Answer Summary Review Guide
With the 2016 tax returns coming due in 2017, we are providing you with Ten (10) important International Tax Facts for 2017 early in the year, so that you have a reference point regarding common questions you may have about International Tax.
International Tax
This article will help you if you have foreign income or foreign assets such as foreign bank accounts, foreign retirement accounts, foreign retirement accounts or other income generating assets.
Why? Because if you do have foreign money and you are required to file a U.S. Tax Return, you may be required to report this information to the United States on a US tax return and possibly other forms such as an FBAR (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts) or FATCA Form 8938.
International tax can be very confusing. It is not an area of law or accounting that many individuals practice, so there is a lot of bad information online. To try to bring some clarity to the most common issues, we are providing you with 10 important international tax related facts to help you in preparing your 2016 tax return (due 4/18/2017, unless you live overseas, apply for an extension, or live overseas and apply for an extension).
If you realize that you have been out of compliance in years prior, you should speak with an experienced international tax lawyer to assist you with a different program options you can use to get back into compliance before you are heavily fined or penalized by the US government:
Who is a Foreign Person?
A U.S. person (for tax purposes) is classified as any person who is either a United States Citizen, Legal Permanent Resident/Green Card Holder or U.S. visa holder who meets the Substantial Presence Test.
If you are a U.S. person, then the Foreign Bank or Foreign Financial Institution is going to report your information to the U.S. Government. It does not matter whether you reside in the United States or in a foreign country, and does not matter if you are a Dual Citizen and/or Permanent Resident of a foreign country outside of the United States – the institution will still report you.
The 10 Most Important Issues to Know:
Worldwide Income
The United States is one of only a handful of countries on the planet the taxes individuals on their worldwide income. What does that mean? It means that whether or not you reside in the United States or in a foreign country, you are required to report all of your US income as well as foreign source income on your US tax.
It also does not matter if the income you earn is tax exempt in a foreign country, or whether the income you earn in a foreign country was already taxed (see below). While you may be able to obtain a credit or exemption for the taxes you paid or income you earned in a foreign country – you are still required to report the income on your US tax return.
Foreign Tax Credit
If you are required to file a U.S. tax return, then you are required to include your worldwide income. With that said, you may be eligible for a Foreign Tax Credit for taxes you already paid in a foreign country. For example, if you earn $100,000 in Hong Kong and paid 20% tax on those earnings ($20,000) when you report the $100,000 of income on your U.S. tax return, you may also be able to claim a foreign tax credit for the $20,000 you already paid.
If $20,000 is less than you would have had to pay in the United States, then you will pay the difference; if $20,000 is more than you would have had to pay in the United States then you can apply the overpayment (aka Carryover) to future years but only to offset foreign tax.
Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
If you have earned income from overseas (such as employment) and do not work for the US government, you may be entitled to an exemption/exclusion of the first hundred thousand dollars worth of foreign income you earn – along with the possibility of excluding roughly $15,000 worth of housing costs. There are two methods for obtaining this exclusion:
Physical Presence Test
The first (and easiest) methods is by meeting the Physical Presence Test, which is essentially met when you live overseas for 330 days in any 365 day period.
Bona-Fide Resident Test
This test is much more difficult to meet, because unlike the Physical Presence Test which is essentially a “counting days test,” a Bona-Fide resident must show that they are true residents of the foreign country. Therefore, working as a government contractor nine months out of the year, while living in your company sponsored housing and not obtaining a local Driver’s License, Membership in Community Clubs, etc. will not be sufficient. You have to essentially immerse yourself into the local community.
Reporting Foreign Accounts (FBAR)
There is a lot of information online regarding the FBAR (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Account Form) due to the extremely high penalties involved with this form. We have written countless articles, which you can find in our International Tax Library, by clicking here.
If you are a U.S. Person, it does not matter whether or not you have to file a US tax return to determine if you have to file an FBAR. The threshold question is whether you have an annual aggregate total of foreign/offshore bank accounts, financial accounts, retirement accounts, etc. that when combined, exceed $10,000. If so, you are required to file the FBAR Form and report all of the accounts.
It does not matter if the money is all in one account, or in 15 different accounts. It also does not matter if the majority of the money is in one account, with minimal amounts of money in the remaining accounts – rather, once you meet the threshold requirements, you have to report all the accounts.
Penalty: The civil penalty for willfully failing to file an FBAR can be as high as the greater of $100,000 or 50 percent of the total balance of the foreign financial account per violation. See 31 U.S.C. § 5321(a)(5). Non-willful violations that the IRS determines were not due to reasonable cause are subject to a $10,000 penalty per violation.
Golding & Golding Resources: FBAR FAQ; FBAR Penalties
FATCA Form (8938)
FATCA is the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. For individuals, it requires reporting of financial accounts and certain specified foreign assets (ownership in businesses, life insurance, etc.). There are different threshold requirements, depending on whether a person is Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) or Married Filing Separate (MFS)/Single, and whether a person resides in the United States or outside of the United States.
Penalty: The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns is $10,000, with an additional $10,000 added for each month the failure continues beginning 90 days after the taxpayer is notified of the delinquency, up to a maximum of $50,000 per return.
Golding & Golding Resources: Form 8938 FAQ; Form 8938 Penalties
Foreign Gift Form (3520)
If you receive a gift or inheritance from a foreign person that exceeds $100,000 either in a single transaction, or a series of transactions over a year, you are required to report the gift on this form. You have the file this form, even if you are not required to file a tax return (although it is normally filed at the same time as your tax return).
Penalty: The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns, or for filing an incomplete return, is the greater of $10,000 or 35 percent of the gross reportable amount, except for returns reporting gifts, where the penalty is five percent of the gift per month, up to a maximum penalty of 25 percent of the gift.
Golding & Golding Resources: Form 3520 Penalties
Foreign Corporation or Foreign Partnership (5471 or 8865)
The rules are somewhat different for these two forms, but essentially the same (with the 5471 being much more commonplace for U.S. investors). If you own at least 10% ownership in either type of business, you required to report the information on either a form 5471 or 8865. Both of these forms require comprehensive disclosure requirements, involving balance statements, liabilities, assets, etc. Moreover, the forms need to be filed annually, even if a person does not have to otherwise file a tax return
Penalty: The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns is $10,000, with an additional $10,000 added for each month the failure continues beginning 90 days after the taxpayer is notified of the delinquency, up to a maximum of $50,000 per return.
Golding & Golding Resources: Form 5471 Penalties
Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC)
One of the most vilified type of financial assets/investments (from the U.S. Government’s perspective) is the infamous PFIC. A PFIC is a Passive Foreign Investment Company. The reason the United States penalized this type of investment is because it cannot oversee the growth of the investment and income it generates. In other words, if a U.S. person invests overseas in a Foreign Mutual Fund or Foreign Holding Company — the assets grows and generates income outside of IRS and U.S. Government income rules and regulations.
As a result, the IRS requires annual disclosure of anyone with even a fractional interest in a PFIC (unless you meet very strict exclusionary rules)
Penalty: The Penalties for not filing an 8621 run concurrent with the 8938 penalties (see above).
Golding & Golding Resources: Form 8621 Penalties; PFIC Form 8621 Excess Distribution Calculation
Foreign Trust (3520-A)
A Foreign Trust is another type of Foreign Investment that is frowned upon by the IRS. From the IRS’ perspective, the only purpose behind a Foreign Trust is to illegally avoid US reporting and income tax requirements by moving money offshore. While there are many people who may operate illegally in this fashion, there are various legitimate reasons why you would be a trustee or beneficiary of a Foreign Trust (Your cool grandma really loves you and placed $5 million in trust for you overseas). Form 3520-A is a relatively complex form, which must be filed annually by anybody that owns a foreign trust.
Penalty: The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns or for filing an incomplete return, is the greater of $10,000 or 5 percent of the gross value of trust assets determined to be owned by the United States person.
Golding & Golding Resources: Form 3520-A Foreign Trust Penalties
Foreign Real Estate Income
Even if you are earning rental income from property that is located outside of the United States, you still must report the income on your U.S. taxes (even it is exempt from tax in the foreign country). Remember, United States taxes individuals on their worldwide income. Therefore, the income you are earning from your rental property(s) must also be included on your US tax return.
A few nice benefits of reporting the income is that the United States allows depreciation of the structure – which many foreign countries do not allow. Moreover, you can take the same types of deductions and expenses that you otherwise take the property was located in the United States.
Penalty: Varies, depending on the Nature and Extent of the non-disclosure.
Golding & Golding Resources: Foreign Real Estate Income FAQ
IRS Offshore Voluntary Disclosure
Voluntary Disclosure is for individuals, estates, and businesses who are out of compliance with the IRS and the Department of Treasury. What does that mean? It means that if you are required to file a U.S. tax return and you don’t do so timely, then you are out of compliance.
If the IRS discovers that you are out of compliance, you may become subject to extensive fines and penalties – ranging from a warning letter all the way up to tax liens, tax levies, seizures, and criminal investigations. To combat this, you can take the proactive approach and submit to Voluntary Disclosure.
Golding & Golding – Offshore Disclosure
At Golding & Golding, we limit our entire practice to offshore disclosure (IRS Voluntary Disclosure of Foreign and U.S. Assets). The term offshore disclosure is a bit of a misnomer, because the term “offshore” generally connotes visions of hiding money in secret places such as the Cayman Islands, Bahamas, Malta, or any other well-known tax haven jurisdiction – but that is not the case.
In fact, any money that is outside of the United States is considered to be offshore; the term offshore is not a bad word. In other words, merely because a person has money offshore (a.k.a. overseas or in a foreign country) does not mean that money is the result of ill-gotten gains or that the money is being “hidden.” It just means it is not in the United States. Many of our clients have assets and bank accounts in their homeland countries and these are considered offshore assets and offshore bank accounts.
The Devil is in the Details…
If you do have money offshore, then it is very important to ensure that the money has been properly reported to the U.S. government. In addition, it is also very important to ensure that if you are earning any foreign income from that offshore money, that the earnings are being reported on your U.S. tax return.
It does not matter whether your money is in a country that does not tax a particular category of income (for example, many Asian countries do not tax passive income). It also does not matter if you are a dual citizen and/or if that money has already been taxed in the foreign country.
Rather, the default position is that if you are required to file a U.S. tax return and you meet the minimum threshold requirements for filing a U.S. tax return, then you have to include all of your foreign income. If you already paid foreign tax on the income, you may qualify for a Foreign Tax Credit. In addition, if the income is earned income – as opposed to passive income – and you meet either the Bona-Fide Resident Test or Physical-Presence Test, then you may qualify for an exclusion of that income; nevertheless, the money must be included on your tax return.
What if You Never Report the Money?
If you are in the unfortunate position of having foreign money or specified foreign assets that should have been reported to the U.S. government, but which you have not reported — then you are in a bit of a predicament, which you will need to resolve before it is too late.
As we have indicated numerous times on our website, there are very unscrupulous CPAs, Attorneys, Accountants, and Tax Representatives who would like nothing more than to get you to part with all of your money by scaring you into believing you are automatically going to be arrested, jailed, or deported because you have unreported money. While that is most likely not the case (depending on the facts and circumstances of your specific situation), you may be subject to extremely high fines and penalties.
Moreover, if you knowingly or willfully hid your foreign accounts, foreign money, and offshore assets overseas, then you may become subject to even higher fines and penalties…as well as a criminal investigation by the special agents of the IRS and/or DOJ (Department of Justice).
Getting into Compliance
There are five main methods people/businesses use to get into compliance. Four of these methods are perfectly legitimate as long as you meet the requirements for the particular mechanism of disclosure. The fifth alternative, which is called a Quiet Disclosure a.k.a. Silent Disclosure a.k.a. Soft Disclosure, is ill-advised as it is illegal and very well may result in criminal prosecution.
We are going to provide a brief summary of each program below. We have also included links to the specific programs. If you are interested, we have also prepared very popular “FAQs from the Trenches” for FBAR, OVDP and Streamlined Disclosure reporting. Unlikes the technical jargon of the IRS FAQs, our FAQs are based on the hundreds of different types of issues we have handled over the many years that we have been practicing international tax law and offshore disclosure in particular.
After reading this webpage, we hope you develop a basic understanding of each offshore disclosure alternative and how it may benefit you to get into compliance. We do not recommend attempting to disclose the information yourself as you may become subject to an IRS investigation insofar as you will have to answer questions directly to the IRS, which you can avoid with an attorney representative.
If you retain an attorney, then you will get the benefit of the attorney-client privilege which provides confidentiality between you and your representative. With a CPA, there is a relatively small privilege which does provide some comfort, but the privilege is nowhere near as strong as the confidentiality privilege you enjoy with an attorney.
Since you will be dealing with the Internal Revenue Service and they are not known to play nice or fair – it is in your best interest to obtain an experienced Offshore Disclosure Attorney.
Call Now, We Can Help.
Full Summary about IRS Voluntary Disclosure.
International Tax Lawyers - Golding & Golding, A PLC
Sean holds a Master's in Tax Law from one of the top Tax LL.M. programs in the country at the University of Denver, and has also earned the prestigious Enrolled Agent credential. Mr. Golding is also a Board Certified Tax Law Specialist Attorney (A designation earned by Less than 1% of Attorneys nationwide.)